I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Background Critical examination of the quality and validity of available allergic rhinitis (AR)
literature is necessary to improve understanding and to appropriately translate this …

Background Biologic medications are emerging as options for treating chronic rhinosinusitis
with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Several questions remain regarding patient selection, …

Fungal airway infection (airway mycosis) is an important cause of allergic airway diseases
such as asthma, but the mechanisms by which fungi trigger asthmatic reactions are poorly …

The sinonasal microbiome remains poorly defined, with our current knowledge based on a
few cohort studies whose findings are inconsistent. Furthermore, the variability of the sinus …

CXCR5 mediates homing of both B and follicular helper T (T FH ) cells into follicles of secondary
lymphoid organs. We found that CXCR5 + CD8 + T cells are present in human tonsils …

Studying the pathophysiology of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) has proved challenging.
While this clinical entity is easily distinguishable based on the clinical criteria set forth by …

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a noninvasive subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis with
nasal polyps (CRSwNP) that usually develops in immunocompetent atopic individuals and is …

The unified airway hypothesis proposes that upper and lower airway diseases reflect a
single pathological process manifesting in different locations within the airway. Functional, …

Introduction: Image-guided surgery (IGS) has gained widespread acceptance in otorhinolaryngology
for its applications in sinus and skull base surgery. Although the core concepts of …